Essay

The development of new/digital media means the audience is more powerful in terms of consumption and production. Discuss the arguments for and against this view.

It can be argued that the development of new and digital media has made audiences more powerful, which is evident in the decline of newspapers. Due to this development it meant that audiences can access articles online rather than buying the actual newspaper, which can have some negative effects on the newspaper industry. This made newspapers less valuable and causing the nature of it to change from providing news to  providing opinions/ false information (such as click bait) to attract readers. But the newspaper industry who suffered the most are local newspapers. Only 49% of the people who consume news do it because they want to know what is going on in their local area, which means that more than 50% don’t care about local news which means that local newspapers such as the Ealing gazette has suffered. New and digital media can be blamed because people who use newspapers to find out news in general is decline, which means that bigger industries can afford to put the distribution of their newspapers on apps or online (the people who use apps/internet for the news increased by 11% in one year), which means local newspapers who don't have the budget would be hit harder. This means that the survival of these industries are significantly influenced by them utilising new and digital media to meet the needs of the audiences, in order for them to consume their products.

However, they can still maintain the quality of news in the newspaper to create the trust that internet news doesn't have, eg .google news just draws together sources from all around the world making it unreliable as a result printed newspapers can use that to their advantage. Furthermore they can increase the prices of their newspapers to compensate for the advertisement they lost to the internet. However the newspaper industry should really consider ways to work with new and digital media as it is going to continue to grow which may have an even bigger effect on them, the most attractive thing about news on the internet is citizen journalism and people being able to communicate their ideas, and so the newspaper industry should really consider that. Citizen journalism has allowed more powerful in the consumption and production of news. Most of the sources such as footage of a crime is mostly produced by the public, suggesting that they contribute to the production of news.

Furthermore, the development in new and digital media has had many impacts on both producers and consumer in the last 20 years. The developments include social networking sites, which allow people to communicate worldwide getting different sides of an argument/opinion despite cultural differences and language barriers. An example of this is Malala Yousafzai's twitter which has 244K followers around the world and is the discussion ground for children's rights to education in under developing countries. This suggests that the social media is a way of accessing opinions as well as getting involved with political debates/ pop culture in the long run the involvement of audience’s opinion can be the turning point to social change, showing how new and digital media made audiences more powerful. Similarly Obama used NDM (social networking sites)to campaign during his election, this allowed him to communicate directly to people of America so he knew exactly how to please and get votes of them, and the reaction of the audiences may lead to him getting the votes or not.

Marxists believe that media owners control ideas because they control the information people are allowed to access. They believe that the media is consciously biased; they provide members of society with a worldwide view or ideologies that explicitly favour the rich and powerful. This is evident in newspaper articles that mostly support right wing political parties such as the conservatives. 20 years ago people relied on newspapers that were mostly owned by the middleclass for opinions, this means that most of the articles were political biased towards left wing as a result people had a limited range of opinions. The increase use of new and digital media changed that. Newspapers being streamed online allowed people to get involved with news as well as commenting their opinions without being afraid to stand out as the internet is desensitised, as a result people have access to a greater variety of views and values. The desensitisation of the internet however has led to the number of suicide rates due to cyber bulling to triple in 2013 according to ‘good magazine’ suggesting that having access to variety of views and values doesn’t always lead to positive effects but can be damaging to society especially the younger generation.

Meanwhile, this desensitisation and citizen journalism has suggests that there isn’t really an empowerment of the media, but the audiences/ members of society are changing the ways of the media supporting purist beliefs. Purists believe that Choice is involved not just access to a range of different media and views but also to the status of consumers, for pluralist the consumer is the most important factor, this is evident by the use of social media and theses advertisement targeting everyone regardless of age and class, as a result supporting the pluriast ideologies. Digital media is new technology that has an impact on the media. These can be things such as apps, social media, online news, email and many more. Due to this, audiences have access to a greater variety of views and values. The internet is mainly, widely used by the younger generation as they have more access to it e.g. in schools or on their phones. However, is becoming more accessible for adults too. For example, 18.3 million households in the UK (70%) had internet access in 2009 compared to 2 million in 2006 and has risen to 87% in 2013, suggesting access to the internet is increasing significantly, each year. In addition, the younger generation use the internet to look up news, information, listen to music, watch movies, play games etc.  The internet can have positive and negative effects on society both economically and intellectually, meanwhile it is thought of as” the most important medium of the centrum “by Biggs and Burke suggesting that the internet is key in our society today.

In conclusion the development in new and digital media has allowed audiences to become more powerful. This means that they can use the internet to do almost anything. Meanwhile the new and digital media doesn’t always lead to a positive views and values, it allows allot of young people to access things they shouldn’t see such as pornography or to get to attached to pop culture influencing them negatively, and according to the hypodermic needle theory new and digital media as a massive influence on society today. Though this can be argued my a marxasits its a way of creating divergent and keeping people of lower class feel like they have control and access. As a result the extent to which the audiences are powerful is questioned.    

NDM: WEEK 10(ii)

Broadband bills will have to increase to pay for snooper's charter, MPs are warned

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/nov/11/broadband-bills-increase-snoopers-charter-investigatory-powers-bill-mps-warned
Recent reports inform us that if the snoopers charter is to be passed and funded, consumers will have to pay more on their internet bills, MPs are warned. They are unaware of just how much data is used by the average person; the article states that a common gamer plays through steam, live-streams using twitch, whilst using skype or something similar to communicate with friends, which is a huge amount of data being used by one person, let alone the whole population.

• “The bill appears to be limiting the amount of funds available to a figure that we don’t recognise would be suitable for the entire industry to do it,” he said, adding that “the ongoing costs of looking after the data … will have to come out of price-rises”.
• “On a typical 1 gigabit connection we see over 15TB of data per year passing over that connection … If you say that a proportion of that is going to be the communications data, it’s going to be the most massive amount of data that you’d be expected to keep in the future.
• “for UK-based companies that serve non-UK customers, there’s some evidence, from what is happening to Microsoft right now in the US, that that can really undermine the trust of non-UK customers"

I think this is due to peoples increase dependence on the internet, and the fact that every think is accessible and more convenient on the internet, therefore leading to more and more people going using more data.  

NDM: WEEK 10 (i)

BBC says public back its online journalism even if it hurts papers

http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/nov/05/bbc-says-public-back-its-online-journalism-even-if-it-hurts-papers

The BBC has hit back at critics who say it should stop publishing written journalism online, claiming the vast majority of the public support its digital news coverage even if it makes it more difficult for newspapers to make money. Newspapers were “entitled” to be concerned if the BBC continued to “provide news content that looks like newspaper content” and suggested the corporation should consider reining in its online operation.

• a survey commissioned by the BBC has found that 95% of the public think it is important that the BBC publish written news on its apps and website, and more than three quarters think it should keep doing so even if it makes it harder for newspapers to attract readers and generate revenue.
• Only 6% said they thought the negative impact on newspapers meant the BBC should stop publishing online, and 83% said the BBC should continue its current approach to putting news online.

I think that to some extent this may be a way of getting more people to read their news stories but it may lead to a decline in BBC news revenue affecting the future quality of their news.

Marxism & Pluralism: To what extent...?

Developments in new/digital media mean that audiences can now have access to a greater variety of views and values.  To what extent are audiences empowered by these developments?

Marxists believe that media owners control ideas becuase they control the information people are allowed to access . the believe that the media is consciously biased, they provide members of society with a worls wide view or ideologies that explicitly favour the rich and powerful. This is evident in newspaper articles that mostly support right wing political parties such as the conservatives. 20 years ago people relied on newspapers that were mostly owned by the middleclass for opinions, this means that most of the articles were political biased towards left wing as a result people had a limited range of opinions. The increase use of new and digital media changed that. Newspapers being streamed online allowed people to get involved with news as well as commenting their opinions without being afraid to stand out as the internet is desensitised, as a result people have access to a greater variety of views and values, however a Marxist belief is that the other members of society are like "millions of monkeys typing nonsence" therefore the lower class's opinions are not valued its irrelevant. The desensitisation of the internet however has led to the number of suicide rates due to cyber bulling to triple in 2013 according to ‘good magazine’ suggesting that having access to variety of views and values doesn’t always lead to positive effects but can be damaging to society especially the younger generation. 

Meanwhile, this desentitisation and citizen journalism has suggests that there isn't really an empowerment of the media, but the audiences/ members of society are changing the ways of the media supporting pulirist beliefs. Pulirists believe that Choice is involved not just access to a range of different media and views but also to the status of consumers, for pluralist the consumer is the most important factor, this is evident by the use of social media and theses advertisement targeting everyone regardless of age and class, as a result supporting the pluralist ideologies. Digital media is new technology that has an impact on the media. These can be things such as apps, social media, online news, email and many more. Due to this, audiences have access to a greater variety of views and values. The internet is mainly, widely used by the younger generation as they have more access to it e.g. in schools or on their phones. However, is becoming more accessible for adults too. For example, 18.3 million households in the UK (70%) had internet access in 2009 compared to 2 million in 2006 and has risen to 87% in 2013, suggesting access to the internet is increasing significantly, each year. In addition, the younger generation use the internet to look up news, information, listen to music, watch movies, play games etc.  The internet can have positive and negative effects on society both economically and intellectually, meanwhile it is thought of as” the most important medium of the centrum “ by Biggs and Burke suggesting that the internet is key in our society today.

 

NDM news Week 9 (ii)

Can dropping the paywall and upping the story count boost Sun’s website?

http://www.theguardian.com/media/media-blog/2015/nov/01/sun-website-paywall-rebekah-brooks-tony-gallagher

Rupert Murdoch, the media mogul previously known for his refusal to give editorial content away free, has bowed to the inevitable by dismantling the Sun’s paywall. It was a flawed decision at its inception in 2013 and has proved to be disastrous ever since.Although the revenue garnered from the Sun’s £7.99 monthly subscription for website access proved lucrative, it had the effect of locking the paper out from the online national conversation. It is known that he believed the Sun’s recent campaign against cuts to tax credits would have been greatly enhanced had there not been a paywall in place. It is obvious that a paper trying to put a government under pressure can benefit from maximising its reach

• dismantling the Sun’s paywall
• Sun’s £7.99 monthly subscription
• flawed decision at its inception in 2013
• Sun’s recent campaign against cuts to tax credits would have been greatly enhanced had there not been a paywall in place.

I agree that the sun would have been more influential on their campaign against cuts in tax credit if there wasn't a paywall. this would of allowed lots of people who are on tax credit to access their articles comment and contribute to the mutual disagreement.

NDM news week 9 (i)

Why tech companies are really worried about the snooper's charter

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/nov/10/why-tech-companies-worried-snoopers-charter-whatsapp-imessage

The tech companies warn that the new bill has a wider definition of telecommunications operator which covers companies like Apple and Facebook, as well as the old ISPs. The legislation includes a number of clauses which are scaring technology firms. Under the proposals they can be required to provide assistance to the government to hack their own users; they can be mandated to open their networks up to bulk interception of data; and they can be required to modify their technologies to make the interception of data easier, even to the extent of removing “electronic protections” applied to them.

• legislation is permitting technology companies to look at peoples messages
• Under the proposals they can be required to provide assistance to the government to hack their own users
• modify their technologies to make the interception of data easier
• giving their users less privacy so the government can have access to the consumers communications.

I would be surprised if the UK govt could insist a non-UK multinational comply with such a request - it would be outside of their jurisdiction. The only outcome I could see there would be for the multinational's product being banned for use in the UK. i think this would just make criminals smarter in passing their messages to each other.

NDM news Week 8 (ii)

Online economy booming in china 

http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/nov/10/china-singles-day-1111-expected-to-break-records
China’s latest five-year economic plan, details of which emerged this week, outlines a goal of “a more sustainable and balanced way of development”, with annual growth targets of at least 6.5%.
Not everyone is impressed with the furore around Singles’ Day. In an interview with the Qingdao Morning Post, one man lamented how in recent years his wife had frittered away 130,000 yuan (£13,500) of their hard-earned savings on Double Eleven purchases – thus dashing their dreams of buying a new home. As millions of shoppers prepared to click their way to consumer happiness, the man, named only as Mr Cao, was left with nothing but bitterness and regret. “Our plan didn’t work out because my wife overspent online,” he complained.

•  annual growth targets of at least 6.5%.
• frittered away 130,000 yuan (£13,500) of their hard-earned savings on Double Eleven purchases
•  click their way to consumer happiness
• overspent online

This comes to show the uses of new and digital media. people are able to purchase with just a click, however this article focuses on the negative issues associated with online purchases. it can have positive influences eg, women in china not given that much independence therefore this is a way of the getting what they need making it more convenient for them.

NDM: Marxism, Pluralism and Hegemony

1)What does the police officer's subsequent aquittal suggest about the power of new and digital media?
Furthermore, the power of the police officer's subsequent aquittal suggests that new and digital media has become more advanced and it shows the public the true side of what the ruling class are like. Also, it shows us that no matter what the ruling class have committed, they will still get let off as they are superior and dominant, which is discrimination towards others, causing them to act up.

2) What does the author argue regarding whether hegemony is being challenged by Web 2.0?
The author argues that new an digital media is challenging the concept of hegemony as its showing the public the true side of the ruling class. Also, the author is arguing that we don't really have as much power as we think we have and so we shouldn't expect too much from ourselves.

3) In your opinion, does new and digital media reinforce dominant hegemonic views or give the audience a platform to challenge them?
In my opinion, i think that new and digital media have given audiences a platform to challenge dominant hegemonic views. This is due to the fact that when the public are given access to see footage by citizens online e.g social networking sites such as Youtube an Facebook, which haven't been manipulated, edited or cut, they can express their views and opinions on what the ruling class are really like, which can cause chaos. For example the man who was strangled to death by the police, caused chaos and and riots. People were rioting against the police as they believe that everyone should be treated the same. As the police are the ruling class, they feel as if us citizens are below them and so they can do anything to s, but i believe that this is so wrong. Some say the police are good and some can argue that they are bad. I can argue for and against this as they do help to keep peace but then sometimes they take advantage of their status.

NDM news Week 7 (ii)

When did people on Instagram become walking adverts?

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/nov/08/on-instagram-every-day-is-black-friday-social-media
"The real selling power is on social media" This article states most of us over the age of 11 know what an advert looks like, on Instagram, the fastest-growing social network in the world, the fastest-growing demographic is children and young teenagers. Instagram doesn’t release figures, but just ask a tween. They’ll tell you, if they’re not too busy uploading selfies. Adverts on Instagram don’t look like adverts, they look like people. People who are wearing things they’ve been given, or photographing things they’ve been given, or being paid to wear or eat or display in their homes more or less anything that can be placed inside a stylised frame and pumped out to their thousands of followers

• instagram fastest growing social media in the world
• adverts on insta donr look like adverts (mostly of celebrities using the products)
• photographing things they’ve been given, or being paid to wear
• Danielle Bernstein a 23 year old with 1.3 million followes said she gets paid up to $15,000 for a single intagram post

In my opinion this just come to show the influence of new and digital media on society, and the fact that advertisers are willing to pay that much comes to suggests that this is the most effective way of reaching their audiences (rather than TV adverts, the spend more on social media adverts). showing the empowenment of new and digital media. 

NDM News Week 7 (i)

Twitter hires Storyful founder for senior international role

http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/nov/10/twitter-hires-storyful-founder-for-senior-international-role

Mark Little, the founder of News Corp owned social news agency Storyful, has been hired as a senior executive across Twitter’s international operation. Little, who sold Dublin-based Storyful to News Corp for £15m in December 2013, left in June after just 18 months saying it’s best to “quit while you’re ahead”. Last month, Twitter moved to cut 336 employees, about 8% of its global workforce.  

• Mark little hired as a senior executive across twitter international.
• sold Dublin-based Storyful 
• people thought he “quit while you’re ahead”

In my opinion this movement from being a journalist to being the executive of an international program shows the level of decline in news. therefore forcing journalist to find other ways of making money, and the fact that he now works for a social media site suggests that social media (which is a new and digital media is more secure than working for a news corporation.  

NDM news Week 8 (i)

Sexting becoming 'the norm' for teens, warn child protection experts

http://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/nov/10/sexting-becoming-the-norm-for-teens-warn-child-protection-experts
This article shows the true scale of young people’s sexting activity is unclear, but Ceop is notified of a serious incident on average about once a day, with reports coming from schools, parents or pupils. In September, the legal risks were made clear when a 14-year-old boy was told his details would be held on a police database for 10 years for the crime of making and distributing an indecent image of a child. He had sent a naked image of himself to a classmate. All involve serious concerns about child protection. A recent reliable survey found that 12% of 11- to 16-year-olds have seen or received sexual messages online. That’s obviously quite a big minority, but it’s still very much the minority.

• sexting/sending nudes becoming a norm, to maintain relationships
• the population of teens sending nudes has grown 
• its found that 12% of 11-16 have sent/ recieved nudes or dogy pics of classmates

In my opinion it is because of the excessive acceptability and and use of social networking and online communications. this gives us the ability to hide behind and give us these confidences that we wouldn't normally do in a conversation, this is why cyber bulling is more likely to occur than physical bulling in the last 5 years.

New and digital media WEEK 6

The protest outside AFP's offices in Paris

http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/oct/23/buzzfeed-journalist-attacked-paris-david-perrotin-ldj-afp
A leading French journalist working for BuzzFeed was attacked by far-right Jewish extremists as a mob tried to storm the offices of the country’s national news agency in Paris on Thursday. David Perrotin was protected by police after being surrounded by a dozen masked men brandishing batons. The Ligue de Défense Juive was protesting against Agence France Presse’s coverage of the Israel-Palestine conflict. Trouble broke out soon after 8pm when about 100 people brandishing flags and letting off flares tried to storm AFP’s offices. As the crowd approached the entrance to the building, opposite the Paris stock exchange, tear gas was sprayed in their faces, and skirmishes in Paris on Thursday. Some of the demonstrators were shouting “We’re coming to get you!” at journalists, while others screamed: “Islamic terrorists!!"

• 8pm when about 100 people brandishing flags 
•  BuzzFeed was attacked
• in Paris on Thursday
• protesting against Agence France Presse’s coverage of the Israel-Palestine conflict.
• shouting “We’re coming to get you!” at journalists, while others screamed: “Islamic terrorists!!"

In my opinion This is really unnecessary and the Jewish protesters should be a little sensitive towards the Muslims as they may be going through the same regret. The jesish thought that the representation of the conflict was biased and not an accurate coverage, this protest could push the french journalist working for buzzfeed to be more accurate with their news stories giving the people of france a higher quality news. 

NDM: news value

Galtung and Ruge (1981) defined a set of news values to explain how journalists and editors decided that certain stories and photographs were accepted as newsworthy, while others were not.

The following list is adapted from their work:
Immediacy: has it happened recently?
Familiarity: is it culturally close to us in Britain?
Amplitude: is it a big event or one which involves large numbers of people?Frequency: does the event happen fairly regularly?
Unambiguity: is it clear and definite?
Predictability: did we expect it to happen?
Surprise: is it a rare or unexpected event?
Continuity: has this story already been defined as news?
Elite nations and people: which country has the event happened in? Does the story concern well-known people? Negativity: is it bad news?

Immediacy is more important because news is more breaking on sites like twitter than anywhere else. If it happens recently there is likely to a conversation and global talking point on social media and other online websites. Immediacy has become much more important as we are more likely to see more opinions and comments of the story now than before.

Familiarity has changed because news that is close to us is more important. We want to know what is going on around us in our country and if it is culturally close to us then we are likely to want to know more about it.


Amplitude has also become much more important because news that involves larger groups of people are likely to be more reported. It seems like a bigger impact because theres a larger group of people. NDM means that more people are likely to be involved with a big event or one that involves large numbers of people. This includes social media and networking sites.


Frequency has changed throughout the years. More frequent events are talked about in the news. If it relates to someone specific who is powerful then it is likely to be frequently on the news or on any NDM.


Unambiguity has been changed by NDM because newspaper articles are much more clear with videos and other stories, they use much more information in videos. If information on a news cooperation website doesn't make sense, someone's comments and other editing options are allowed to change it.


Predictability has been changed by NDM because news stories a lot more predictable as they tend to post similar stories to the past. It is predictable that Google will take over advertising as they are such a huge institution however it is much easier to piece parts of this story together using different news providers than it would be by using a physical newspaper.


Surprise is it a rare or unexpected event?Most of the information that we get can be a surprise but if we already know about it or heard about it then it wouldn't be. Sometimes news stories continue so that they make a story.

Continuity: has this story already been defined as news?Most stories do carry on as they need to make sure that the story gets heard. They would normally have stories that are matching with it and connect with it, so that it builds up.Most  stories would be shown on TV, websites, youtube etc so that people can access it everywhere.

Elite nations and people: which country has the event happened in? Does the story concern well-known people? Having this lets everyone access any story they want to. In the UK we get stories about america, Europe etc. We get informed of the stories that happen in other parts of the country that let us know what's happening. Having this is good as we get know what happening and how it could effect us if it does.

Negativity: is it bad news?Most stories show bad news and you get to hear about it. Most stories than show different versions of it and you get to know it.

Balance: the story may be selected to balance other news, such as a human survival story to balance a number of stories concerning death.
There will always be a balance of the stories as they show the most bad ones first then mainly dies it down and show the good ones last. This is to give a balance of the different stories as not all stories can be depressing and sad, they have to have something that changes the topic completely.


How has new and digital media technology changed Galtung and Ruge’s news values?

In my opinion, i think that new and digital media hasn't changed Galtung and Ruge's values as in most news stories, we see immediacy, familiarity, amplitude, frequencey, unambiguity, predictability, surprise, continuity, elite nations and people, negativity and balance.